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HANDBOOK OF
NUTRITION AND OPHTHALMOLOGY

By
RICHARD D. SEMBA, MD, MPH
The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University
and Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland

Even prior to the invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1851, nutritional deficiencies
such as xerophthalmia were known as important causes of vision loss. Many of the toxic
effects of nutritional deficiencies on the eye had been described in case reports and series
by the early part of the 20th century. However, it has only been more recently, beginning
in the 1970s, that the interrelationships between nutrition and chronic ocular diseases,
e.g., cataract, age-related macular degenerations (AMD) have been examined in large
population-based studies (e.g., the Beaver Dam Eye Study, the Blue Mountains Eye
Study) and randomized controlled clinical trials (e.g., the Age-Related Eye Disease
Study [AREDS]). This has, in part, been made possible by the development of standardized
protocols to assess these conditions by grading of fundus and lens photographs, as
well as the development of more robust nutritional epidemiologic instruments to describe
the intake of dietary nutrients and supplements.
These studies have provided new insights regarding nutritional exposures and the
prevalence of chronic eye diseases (e.g., associations of dietary saturated fats and leafy
green vegetables with AMD, the associations of dietary intake vitamin E, riboflavin and
folate with nuclear sclerotic cataract). Findings of associations between specific nutrients,
especially deficiencies and ocular disease are also important in understanding the
possible pathogeneses of these chronic ocular conditions.
Application of findings from these studies through dietary supplementation may have
an impact on the incidence and progression of AMD and cataract although clinical trials
data are necessary before any recommendation in favor of supplement use is made.
Confirmation of nutritional epidemiological findings from observational studies by randomized
controlled clinical trials is critical because of the potential problem of uncontrolled
confounding. That is, the failure to measure and control for other exposures (e.g.,
healthy lifestyles, physical activity) that may explain, in part, the earlier finding in cohort
studies of reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in association with hormone replacement
therapy (HRT) and the contrary finding in the large randomized controlled clinical
trial, the Women’s Health Initiative, showing an increased risk of acute myocardial
infarction from such treatment. Confounding by indication, that is, taking a supplement
or drug for a specific condition where an effect is ascribed to the treatment although it may
be due to the underlying disease for which the treatment is given may also be another
problem limiting the interpretation of data from observational studies. For example, zinc
supplements were found to be associated with higher risk of incident late AMD in some
epidemiological studies. However, the REDS showed that when an anti-oxidant multivitamin
supplement was given there was a statistically significant 28% reduction in the
risk of progression to end stage AMD compared to those taking placebo.
The application of findings from studies on nutrition and chronic eye disease e.g.,
AMD and cataract have great importance as the population ages and the burden of such
conditions increase. At present, the strongest associations found in epidemiological studies
of chronic eye diseases have been with non-modifiable factors (e.g., age, genetic
factors, race with AMD). Only a few modifiable risk factors have been found (e.g.,
smoking with AMD). Finding specific associations of dietary factors with AMD, cataract
and other chronic eye diseases are important because diet is modifiable and such modifications
may have the potential of reducing the burden associated with these diseases.
With this in mind, the new book by Semba will be important to dieticians, ophthalmologists,
optometrists, and the lay public interested in role of nutrition in eye disease. It
examines the historical and recent evidence concerning the role of dietary changes in
preventing both acute and chronic eye disease.
Dr. Semba’s text covers the broad field of nutrition and ophthalmology. The content
of the 12 chapters covers specific disease entities e.g., AMD and age-related cataract,
diabetic retinopathy, and inborn errors of metabolism) and specific nutrients (e.g., vitamins
C, E, A, and B-complex, zinc, fatty acids) and their relation to ocular disease. It is
a unique text, in that all chapters were written by one author and cover a large area of
material ranging from an historical overview, epidemiology, pathology and treatment of
the condition. There are three identified themes within the text, the first emphasizing the
efficacy of long-term “healthy” diet, the second the importance of historical perspective
of diet and eye disease, and the third the importance of two putative pathogenetic mechanisms,
oxidative stress and inflammation. The text provides important and new authoritative
information on the relation of nutrition to ocular disorders which will reward the
reader with a wealth of insightful information.

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