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Preface ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Control Systems 1
1–1 Introduction 1
1–2 Examples of Control Systems 4
1–3 Closed-Loop Control Versus Open-Loop Control 7
1–4 Design and Compensation of Control Systems 9
1–5 Outline of the Book 10
Chapter 2 Mathematical Modeling of Control Systems 13
2–1 Introduction 13
2–2 Transfer Function and Impulse-Response Function 15
2–3 Automatic Control Systems 17
2–4 Modeling in State Space 29
2–5 State-Space Representation of Scalar Differential
Equation Systems 35
2–6 Transformation of Mathematical Models with MATLAB
2–7 Linearization of Nonlinear Mathematical Models 43
Example Problems and Solutions 46
Problems 60
Chapter 3 Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical Systems
and Electrical Systems 63
3–1 Introduction 63
3–2 Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical Systems 63
3–3 Mathematical Modeling of Electrical Systems 72
Example Problems and Solutions 86
Problems 97
Chapter 4 Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems
and Thermal Systems 100
4–1 Introduction 100
4–2 Liquid-Level Systems 101
4–3 Pneumatic Systems 106
4–4 Hydraulic Systems 123
4–5 Thermal Systems 136
Example Problems and Solutions 140
Problems 152
Chapter 5 Transient and Steady-State Response Analyses 159
5–1 Introduction 159
5–2 First-Order Systems 161
5–3 Second-Order Systems 164
5–4 Higher-Order Systems 179
5–5 Transient-Response Analysis with MATLAB 183
5–6 Routh’s Stability Criterion 212
5–7 Effects of Integral and Derivative Control Actions
on System Performance 218
5–8 Steady-State Errors in Unity-Feedback Control Systems 225
Example Problems and Solutions 231
Problems 263
iv Contents
Preface ixChapter 1 Introduction to Control Systems 1
1–1 Introduction 1
1–2 Examples of Control Systems 4
1–3 Closed-Loop Control Versus Open-Loop Control 7
1–4 Design and Compensation of Control Systems 9
1–5 Outline of the Book 10
Chapter 2 Mathematical Modeling of Control Systems 13
2–1 Introduction 13
2–2 Transfer Function and Impulse-Response Function 15
2–3 Automatic Control Systems 17
2–4 Modeling in State Space 29
2–5 State-Space Representation of Scalar Differential
Equation Systems 35
2–6 Transformation of Mathematical Models with MATLAB
2–7 Linearization of Nonlinear Mathematical Models 43
Example Problems and Solutions 46
Problems 60
Chapter 3 Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical Systems
and Electrical Systems 63
3–1 Introduction 63
3–2 Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical Systems 63
3–3 Mathematical Modeling of Electrical Systems 72
Example Problems and Solutions 86
Problems 97
Chapter 4 Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems
and Thermal Systems 100
4–1 Introduction 100
4–2 Liquid-Level Systems 101
4–3 Pneumatic Systems 106
4–4 Hydraulic Systems 123
4–5 Thermal Systems 136
Example Problems and Solutions 140
Problems 152
Chapter 5 Transient and Steady-State Response Analyses 159
5–1 Introduction 159
5–2 First-Order Systems 161
5–3 Second-Order Systems 164
5–4 Higher-Order Systems 179
5–5 Transient-Response Analysis with MATLAB 183
5–6 Routh’s Stability Criterion 212
5–7 Effects of Integral and Derivative Control Actions
on System Performance 218
5–8 Steady-State Errors in Unity-Feedback Control Systems 225
Example Problems and Solutions 231
Problems 263
iv Contents
کنترل سیستم مدرن control modern system
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کنترل جهاز مدرن control modern system
Contents
Preface xiii
About the Authors xxv
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Control Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Brief History of Automatic Control 4
1.3 Examples of Control Systems 8
1.4 Engineering Design 16
1.5 Control System Design 17
1.6 Mechatronic Systems 20
1-7 The Future Evolution of Control Systems 24
1.8 Design Examples 25
1.9 Sequential Design Example: Disk Drive Read System 28
1.10 Summary 30
Exercises 30
Problems 31
Advanced Problems 36
Design Problems 38
Terms and Concepts 39
CHAPTER 2 Mathematical Models of Systems 41
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Differential Equations of Physical Systems 42
2.3 Linear Approximations of Physical Systems 47
2.4 The Laplace Transform 50
2.5 The Transfer Function of Linear Systems 57
2.6 Block Diagram Models 71
2.7 Signal-Flow Graph Models 76
2.8 Design Examples 82
2.9 The Simulation of Systems Using Control Design Software 102
2.10 Sequential Design Example: Disk Drive Read System 117
2.11 Summary 119
Exercises 120
Problems 126
Advanced Problems 137
Design Problems 139
Computer Problems 140
Terms and Concepts 142
v
CHAPTER 3 State Variable Models 144
3.1 Introduction 145
3.2 The State Variables of a Dynamic System 145
3.3 The State Differential Equation 149
3.4 Signal-Flow Graph and Block Diagram Models 154
3.5 Alternative Signal-Flow Graph and Block Diagram Models 165
3.6 The Transfer Function from the State Equation 170
3.7 The Time Response and the State Transition Matrix 172
3.8 Design Examples 176
3.9 Analysis of State Variable Models Using Control Design Software 189
3.10 Sequential Design Example: Disk Drive Read System 192
3.11 Summary 196
Exercises 197
Problems 199
Advanced Problems 207
Design Problems 208
Computer Problems 210
Terms and Concepts 211
CHAPTER 4 Feedback Control System Characteristics 212
41 Introduction 213
4.2 Error Signal Analysis 215
4.3 Sensitivity of Control Systems to Parameter Variations 217
4.4 Disturbance Signals in a Feedback Control System 220
4.5 Control of the Transient Response 225
4.6 Steady-State Error 228
4.7 The Cost of Feedback 231
4.8 Design Examples 232
4.9 Control System Characteristics Using Control Design Software
4.10 Sequential Design Example: Disk Drive Read System 251
4.11 Summary 255
Exercises 257
Problems 261
Advanced Problems 267
Design Problems 270
Computer Problems 273
Terms and Concepts 276
246
CHAPTER 5 The Performance of Feedback Control Systems 277
5.1 Introduction 278
5.2 Test Input Signals 278
5.3 Performance of Second-Order Systems 281
کنترل جهاز مدرن control modern system Contents
Preface xiii
About the Authors xxv
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Control Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Brief History of Automatic Control 4
1.3 Examples of Control Systems 8
1.4 Engineering Design 16
1.5 Control System Design 17
1.6 Mechatronic Systems 20
1-7 The Future Evolution of Control Systems 24
1.8 Design Examples 25
1.9 Sequential Design Example: Disk Drive Read System 28
1.10 Summary 30
Exercises 30
Problems 31
Advanced Problems 36
Design Problems 38
Terms and Concepts 39
CHAPTER 2 Mathematical Models of Systems 41
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Differential Equations of Physical Systems 42
2.3 Linear Approximations of Physical Systems 47
2.4 The Laplace Transform 50
2.5 The Transfer Function of Linear Systems 57
2.6 Block Diagram Models 71
2.7 Signal-Flow Graph Models 76
2.8 Design Examples 82
2.9 The Simulation of Systems Using Control Design Software 102
2.10 Sequential Design Example: Disk Drive Read System 117
2.11 Summary 119
Exercises 120
Problems 126
Advanced Problems 137
Design Problems 139
Computer Problems 140
Terms and Concepts 142
v
CHAPTER 3 State Variable Models 144
3.1 Introduction 145
3.2 The State Variables of a Dynamic System 145
3.3 The State Differential Equation 149
3.4 Signal-Flow Graph and Block Diagram Models 154
3.5 Alternative Signal-Flow Graph and Block Diagram Models 165
3.6 The Transfer Function from the State Equation 170
3.7 The Time Response and the State Transition Matrix 172
3.8 Design Examples 176
3.9 Analysis of State Variable Models Using Control Design Software 189
3.10 Sequential Design Example: Disk Drive Read System 192
3.11 Summary 196
Exercises 197
Problems 199
Advanced Problems 207
Design Problems 208
Computer Problems 210
Terms and Concepts 211
CHAPTER 4 Feedback Control System Characteristics 212
41 Introduction 213
4.2 Error Signal Analysis 215
4.3 Sensitivity of Control Systems to Parameter Variations 217
4.4 Disturbance Signals in a Feedback Control System 220
4.5 Control of the Transient Response 225
4.6 Steady-State Error 228
4.7 The Cost of Feedback 231
4.8 Design Examples 232
4.9 Control System Characteristics Using Control Design Software
4.10 Sequential Design Example: Disk Drive Read System 251
4.11 Summary 255
Exercises 257
Problems 261
Advanced Problems 267
Design Problems 270
Computer Problems 273
Terms and Concepts 276
246
CHAPTER 5 The Performance of Feedback Control Systems 277
5.1 Introduction 278
5.2 Test Input Signals 278
5.3 Performance of Second-Order Systems 281
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